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Musical Forms - Opera |
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Musical Forms
Opera
A musical dramatic work in which the actors sing some or all of their parts; a union of music, drama and spectacle, with music normally playing a dominant role.
Antecedents of opera indude the intermedio, but the earliest operas staged by the group of 'camerata' around patrons in Florence were courtly entertainments in the form of the pastorale. The spread of the new stile rappresentativo to other Italian courts began with Monteverdi's Orfeo (Mantua, 1607). As opera became a public entertainment, from 1637 at Venice, its content and structure changed to meet the demands of new audiences. A more accessible type of opera can be seen in the romantic dramas of Faustini which Cavalli set in 1642-52 with expressive recitative and fluid arias.
Characteristic for the age was the rise of new types of opera based on national history, legends and folklore and drawing on national idioms in the music. Russia took the lead with works such as Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov; similar examples in the 20th century were the operas of Janacek and, on an epic scale, Prokofiev's War and Peace. The underlying note of20th-century opera is tragedy, whether conveyed in terms of symbolism (as in Debussy's Pelleas et Melisande), expressionism (Strauss's Salome and Elektra, Schönberg's Erwartung) or naturalism (Peter Grimes and other operas by Britten). At the same time composers have engaged in fantasy (e.g. Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges, Ravel's L'enfant et les sortilèges), allegory (Tippett's The Midsummer Marriage), grotesque comedy (Shostakovich's The Nose), patriotism (Prokofiev's War and Peace), irony (Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress, the last and greatest neoclassical opera), political or philosophical tract (Henze's Der junge Lord and The Bassarids) and personal epic (Stockhausen's cycle on the days of the week).
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